L’viv oblast is a region that has always been located between different ethno-cultural macro-regions. This buffer status required the rulers of the region to take care of the defense of the land from numerous invaders. Thus, castles and fortresses built for centuries [3, 4].
Most of the historical and cultural structures, such as castles and fortresses, have been preserve ding in the L’viv region due to the peculiarities of historical development. It was in this region that Kyivan Rus of Danylo Halytskyi's time reached its greatest development, and Ukrainian statehood lasted the longest. In addition, later, it was here, on the site of ancient Russian strongholds, that the Polish conquerors built their first stone castles to keep the newly conquered Russian lands in submission.
Today, many castles and fortresses are in an attractive state, and the state policy is amending at further restoring historical values of the Middle Ages. Architectural structures, such as castles and fortresses, were building taking into account the geographical and environmental features of the landscape. Defensive structures were always building on elevated ground, the silhouette of the castle or fortress was clearly visible against the sky, the building striking in its correspondence to the surrounding landscape, and was the dominant architectural feature of the development. Many architectural structures in the L’viv region look majestic against the backdrop of the natural landscape. Castles are a striking example of the combination of architecture and natural landscape. Most of the castles were building on high hills and rocks in places that are difficult to reach for enemies (Olesko and Pidhirtsi castles).
In terms of territory, castles were building according to peculiar principles: defensive structures were always building in groups because it was always easier to take one stronghold than several in one raiding were. If one castle was conquered, its inhabitants could always hide for a while in the neighboring one.
The peculiarities of creating fortifications were varying:
1. Construction of castles according to the peculiarities of the terrain (by relief). Castles were mostly building on high hills, and sometimes on high mountains. This made it possible to better defend and attack the enemy who was approaching the fortress. Butting there were exceptions to the construction of castles in the lowlands (Chervonohrad Castle, etc.).
2. By the place of creation in the structure of the city (evolutionary development). A defensive structure could be building on the front line of the city with separating walls that smoothly transitioned into the defensive redoubt of the settlement itself. On the other hand, the fortress itself, with all the arrows and combat positions, could be located in the depths of the city, for a better view of the enemy's positions from all four sides.
3. Construction of a castle at the crossroads of trade routes (based on the principle of an outpost). Such castles suffered the greatest damage from enemies, even those who did not intend to capture them. The buildings were mostly separate ding from the city itself. Often, events in castles served as a “signal” of an approaching enemy, the castle outpost always took the main blow, and when the enemy broke t
4. Building another fortress or castle nearby. A principle that can be calleting “insurance of defeat”. If there is another fortification nearby, the retreating army can always hide, recover, and prepare for a hasty defense against the already weakened enemy.
Fortifications in the form of castles and fortresses were building not only with the best tactical and defensive considerations in mind, but also with the prevailing trends in culture in general and architecture in particular. This is how early Baroque features can be traced in Brody Castle.
Throughout history, the castles of the L’viv region have been destroyed a result of warfare and political agreements, and rebuilt after a certain period. Such reconstructions included not only the restoration of the castles' defensive capacities (walls, bastions, etc.), but also the giving of a new look to the castles in accordance with new trends in architecture.
The Olesko and Brody castles are striking examples of European fortification construction.
Olesko Castle-Fortress was building in 1564. The perimeter of the fortress surrounded by a moat, which has survived to this day. In the XVIII century, the castle lost its defensive functions. The castle yard is building up with brick buildings. Three of them are two-story, one is three-story. There are two entrances to the castle. The main building here is the palace, located in the southeastern part. It is rectangular in plan, three-story with two entrances [2].
There used to be a balcony with a balustrade between the entrances on the second floor level, which rested on the arcade gallery of the first floor. G. de Boplan and A. Del Aqua designed the Brody fortress, built according to the models of Dutch fortification art. The stronghold was building on the western outskirts of Brody, with swamps and ponds protecting it from the other side.
The fortress was a vivid example of an early Baroque defense structure. In plan, it was a pentagon surrounded by a deep earthen moat [2].
The fortifications consisted of five bastions and curtains with casemates in the thickness of the ramparts made of brick and stone. There are 75 casemates, including the hexagonal ones. The bastions resembled similar structures of the Pidhirtsi Castle in their simplicity of construction. The entrance to the castle was via a drawbridge from the city [5, p. 176].
Monuments of defensive architecture - castles and fortresses - are of great importance for organizing the production of a competitive tourist product for the region. Their territorial distribution is heterogeneous. Objects of national importance are located in the following settlements:
- Castles - city L’viv, Brody and Pidhirtsi (Zolochiv district)), Olesko (Zolochiv district);, Zhovkva (Lviv district);), Zolochiv and Pomoryany (Zolochiv district), Svirzh (Lviv district);), Stare Selo (Lviv district), Tartakiv (Sheptytsky district), Dobromyl (Sambir district);
- Fortresses - village Univ (L’viv district);
- Palace ensembles - Brody. Brody, Pidhirtsi, Zolochiv (Zolochiv district);
L’viv region is one of the best endowed with historical and cultural resources, including historical and cultural tourist sites. By their total number, as of January 1, 2022, the region ranks first in Ukraine (3934 objects or 8% of the total), leaving behind such regions as Kyiv and Chernihiv, which account for 5.9 and 5.8% of the total number of historical and cultural tourist sites [1].
The variety of architectural and urban monuments is also impressive. The objects located on the territory of the region belong to historical epochs, from the times of Kyivan Rus to the objects built in the twentieth century, and perform (or have performed) various functions (defense, religious, economic, etc.).
The leading centers with a large number of architectural and urban planning monuments are. L’viv, Zhovkva, Zolochiv, and Brody. The centers with only one object, but which are important for the development of tourism in the region, are Univ (Univ Lavra), Dobromyl (Dobromyl Castle), Svirzh (Svirzh Castle), Pomoryany (Pomoryany Castle), and others.
Natural and geographical factors have become a favorable condition for the formation of historical and cultural tourist sites (monuments of architecture and urban planning) in the L’viv region, and they have significantly influenced the use of the latter. The role of such factors is important because historical and cultural tourist sites (monuments of architecture and urban planning) are independent of climatic conditions, which has a positive impact on the development of tourism and recreation in this region.
All of Ukraine's surviving monuments of architecture and urban planning now protected and registered by the state. Most of the historical and cultural buildings, given the peculiarities of historical and regional development, have been preserve ding in the L’viv region. Today, many castles and fortresses are in a state of disrepair, so today's state policy and the state itself focuses on expanding educational tourism involving historical values of the middle Ages.
LITERATURA
1. Golovne upravlinnya staty`sty`ky` u L`vivs`kij oblasti (Elektronny`j resurs) / Sposib
dostupu: URL: http://www.stat.lviv.ua/. (Data zvernennya 18. 12. 2024).
2. Zamky` ta xramy` Ukrayiny` (Elektronny`j resurs) https://castles.com.ua/n3n.html (Data
zvernennya 18. 12. 2024)
3. Marynyak Yaroslav, Stetsko Nadiia Tourism sector of economy of the western region of
Ukraine: state and prospects // Scievtific Letters of Academic Society of Michal Baludansky.
Volumes, No. 7 (6B). Kosice, Slovakia, 2019. p. 6-10.
4. Marynyak Yaroslav, Stetsko Nadiia Analysis of the state of tourism of the western region
of Ukraine. Section 17. // Achievements of Ukraine and the eu in ecology, biology, chemistry,
geography and agricultural sciences. Collective monograph. Vol. 2. Lublin, Poland. 2021. p. 371-
391. https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-089-5-30
5. Yavkin V.G., Andrejchuk V.M., Korol` O.D. Geografichni aspekty` rozvy`tku tury`zmu
(na pry`kladi Ukrayiny` ta Pol`shhi): monografiya. Chernivci, 2010. 344 s.
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