SUMMARY
Despite the numerous studies and discussions on startups over the past twelve decades, there is still no clear definition of this concept in the economic literature. Among the definitions given to the startup ecosystem, we considered the definition given by Startup Genome to be the clearest and most specific, and we took it into account in our research. According to this definition, an ecosystem is an area within a radius of 100 km around a center where resources for the development of innovative entrepreneurship have been gathered. By leveraging these resources, startup ecosystems can foster the development of innovative entrepreneurship.
Key words:innovation ecosystem, activity, determinants, R&D expenditure
INTRODUCTION
It should be noted that all determinants necessary for entrepreneurship as a whole and startup ecosystem in particular exist in most countries at one level or another. However, according to reports prepared by both StartupBlink and Startup Genome, only about 20 ecosystems have favorable conditions and opportunities for the development of startups. The difference in development between them is quite large. Thus, in the 2022 report prepared according to the methodology prepared by StartupBlink, there is a difference of almost four times between the indicator of the United States, which ranked 1st in the startup ecosystem (198.08), and the indicator of the United Kingdom, which ranked 2nd (51,218). The index of South Korea (12.15), which ranked last in the top 20, is more than 16 times weaker than that of the United States. The indicators of the countries located in the next places in the ranking are quite small.
Even in the countries that lived in the former Soviet system for a long time, there are big differences in the startup ecosystem. Thus, in this ranking, Estonia (17,674) and Lithuania (14,271) took a high position. The Russian Federation (8,095), Latvia (5,611), Ukraine (4,634) are among the top 50. Armenia (2.521), Georgia (1.034), Kazakhstan (0.914), Belarus (0.707), Azerbaijan (0.626), Moldova (0.626), Kyrgyzstan (0.295) are ranked 57th and 71st according to the level of development of the startup ecosystem. , they share the 73rd, 80th, 84th, 85th and 99th places. Compared to the Baltic countries, which have been the same political and economic union for a long time, the fact that the South Caucasus countries have a weaker start-up ecosystem once again proves the relevance of the above-mentioned question: "Why is the start-up ecosystem in some countries stronger than others?"
It should be noted that the differences in the start-up ecosystems between countries are also sharp within the country. Not all regions and cities of the United States, which is the strongest developing startup ecosystem, have developed startup ecosystems at the same level. San Francisco (546,427), New York (223,407), Los-Angeles (116,943), Boston (103,337) of this country are among the top five cities in the development of the startup ecosystem. 16 cities of the USA were included in the comparative ranking among the 100 cities of the world. Four cities of the United Kingdom, namely London (127,426), Cambridge (10,048), Manchester (8,104) and Oxford (7,320) were included in this ranking. Comparisons show that there are sharp differences between the development level of startup ecosystems in the top ten cities and the ecosystems in the other 90 cities. Among the 100 cities with a developed startup ecosystem, 8 cities belong to China. The most developed of these cities are Beijing (99,019) and Shanghai (67,567). Undoubtedly, the significant differences between the United States and other countries regarding the level of development of the startup ecosystem are also clearly felt in the differences between cities. There is a difference of 4.5 times between the indicator of the city of San Francisco, which is located in the Silicon Valley of the USA, and which is in the first place in this ranking, and the indicator of the city of London, which is in the third place. Phoenix, ranked 50th out of 100 cities (13,189), is 41 times smaller than San Francisco. Unfortunately, no city of our country was included in this ranking. Among the cities belonging to the former Soviet Union, only Moscow (23,904), Tallinn (11,035), Vilnius (8,729), Kyiv (8,493) are included in the first hundred, ranking 30th, 60th, 73rd and 77th, respectively. share the position. The comparison of indicators related to the cities in the ranking shows that startup ecosystems in these cities differ sharply according to the level of development. [1]
Thus, the presence or absence of a startup ecosystem in any country does not raise any questions. The question is "why is the startup ecosystem stronger in some countries than others?". For example, why is the startup ecosystem stronger in the US than in Russia, China and India? A similar question can be asked about ecosystems in countries whose territory and population are comparable to Azerbaijan. For example, "Why is the startup ecosystem in Israel stronger than in the countries of the South Caucasus?"
A large number of empirical studies prove that a high level of prosperity in a country is necessary but not sufficient for a startup ecosystem. For example, Monaco, which has the highest GDP per capita in 2022 ($240,862,182) and Bermuda (118,774,791 USD) is not in the top 100 of GSEI, while Qatar (87,661,4501 USD) is not in the top 50. Qatar in the 2022 GSEI reportHe even ranked 90th with 0.574 points.Top five GDP per capita Norway ($108,729,187) by GSEIHe ranked 23rd with 11,315 points. This is what we have listedAmong the countries, only the Norwegian city of Oslo was ranked in the top 100 in terms of the level of development of the startup ecosystem. However, the startup ecosystem of India and China, which have smaller GDP per capita but larger economies, have a higher index. [2]
The experience of the countries of the world, especially developed countries, shows that the allocation of financial resources for Research and Development (R&D) Support, both in the national budget and in the private sector, plays an important role in the development of innovative ideas. Such costs provide access to research facilities as well as technology transfer programs. R&D spending strengthens cooperation between academic societies and economic sectors, and such cooperation accelerates the development and commercialization of new technologies. In order to quantify the impact of R&D spending on the development of the startup ecosystem, we can look at the effects of the indicators "share of R&D spending in GDP" and "number of researchers in the field of R&D per million people" on GSEI.
The inter-country difference on the indicator "R&D expenditure share in GDP" is strong. Due to the fact that the value of this indicator depends to some extent on the size of the country's economy, the top ten mainly include countries with a high level of economic development. Meanwhile, in the top 30 countries, the "share of R&D expenditure in GDP" ranges from 1.4% to 5.56% (table 1). Other countries in this ranking are European countries, except for Israel, USA, China, Canada, UAE and New Zealand. The fact that the "share of R&D expenses in GDP" indicator in European countries is high compared to other countries is undoubtedly the result of giving serious priority to scientific research in these countries. It should be noted with regret that Azerbaijan was not included in the top 30, and in 2021, the "share of R&D expenses in GDP" of our country was approximately 0.21%. The fact that this figure is 5.56% and 3.26%, respectively, in countries like Israel or Austria, whose population is close to Azerbaijan, suggests that the start-up ecosystem in these countries is better provided with financial resources than in Azerbaijan. [3]
Table 1 30 countries with the highest "Share of R&D expenditure in GDP" indicator (2021)
Note: Compiled by the author
The indicator "Number of researchers in the field of R&D per million people" can also be used to compare the level of development of startup ecosystems of countries from the point of view of financial and human resources. In most developed countries, the indicator "Number of R&D researchers per million people" is high compared to other countries (table 2). According to this indicator, the countries in the 5th place are high-income countries. According to this indicator, Korea (9082), Sweden (8131), Finland (7871), Denmark (7708) and Norway (7228) are in the top five. [4]
Table 2 Top 30 countries with the highest number of R&D researchers per million people (2021)
Note: Compiled by the author
Thus, the positive effect of R&D expenses on GSEI in various modifications is an undeniable fact. These empirical facts prove that for the development of the startup ecosystem in the country, it is important not only to allocate funds for scientific research, but also to continuously increase these funds. Such expenses can prevent the realization of the knowledge and skills of highly qualified personnel working in this field and the creation of new ideas, as well as the growth of the country's GDP, as well as prevent "intelligence flows" from the country.
LITERATURE:
1) Granstrand, O., & Holgersson, M. (2020). Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition. Technovation, 90, 102098.
2) Mantovani, Andrea, Ruiz-Aliseda, Francisco, 2016. Equilibrium innovation ecosystems: the dark side of collaborating with complementors. Manag. Sci. 62 (2), 534–549. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2140.
3) Hannah, Douglas P., Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., 2018. How firms navigate cooperation and competition in nascent ecosystems. Strategist. Manag. J. 39 (12), 3163–3192. https:// doi.org/10.1002/smj.2750.
4) Jonek-Kowalska, I.; Wolniak, R. The Influence of Local Economic Conditions on Start-Ups and Local Open Innovation Systems. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2021, 7, 110. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/joitmc7020110
|
Голосування 
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Знайшли помилку? Виділіть помилковий текст мишкою і натисніть Ctrl + Enter