Äîñë³äæåííÿ ì³êðîá³îìó êèøê³âíèêà (ÌÊ), à òàêîæ ïîãëèáëåííÿ óÿâëåíü ïðî ïàòîãåíåç òà ìîæëèâîñò³ êîðåêö³¿ íåàëêîãîëüíî¿ æèðîâî¿ õâîðîáè ïå÷³íêè º ïðîâ³äíèìè íàïðÿìêàìè ñâ³òîâî¿ ãàñòðîåíòåðîëî㳿 îñòàíí³õ 3-5 ðîê³â. Çíà÷åííÿ ÌÊ ó ïàòîãåíåç³ ïîçàêèøêîâèõ çàõâîðþâàòü ïîãëèáëþºòüñÿ øâèäêèìè òåìïàìè. Çâè÷àéíî, òåîðåòè÷í³ çíàõ³äêè çàâæäè ñëóãóþòü ï³ä´ðóíòÿì äëÿ íàñòóïíèõ òåðàïåâòè÷íèõ ³íòåðâåíö³é.
Òîìó ìåòîþ íàøî¿ ðîáîòè áóâ ì³í³-îãëÿä ë³òåðàòóðè, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèé çì³íàì ó ÌÊ ïðè àóòî³ìóííèõ õîëåñòàòè÷íèõ çàõâîðþâàííÿõ ïå÷³íêè, ìîæëèâèì ïåðñïåêòèâàì êë³í³÷íîãî âïëèâó íà ÌÊ ç ìåòîþ îïòèì³çàö³¿ ÿê êèøêîâîãî òðàâëåííÿ, òàê ³ ìîæëèâèõ ïîçèòèâíèõ çì³í â ïåðåá³ç³ õðîí³÷íèõ çàõâîðþâàíü ïå÷³íêè. Ó ÿêîñò³ ³ëþñòðàö³¿ áóäå íàâåäåíî ïðèêëàä ç âëàñíî¿ êë³í³÷íî¿ ïðàêòèêè.
Çì³íè ÌÊ ó ïàö³ºíò³â ç çàõâîðþâàííÿìè ïå÷³íêè ìàþòü áàãàòîêîìïîíåíòíèé ð³çíîñïðÿìîâàíî-ïîâ'ÿçàíèé õàðàêòåð, àëå, ó ñïðîùåíîìó âèãëÿä³, ¿õ ìîæíà ðîçãëÿäàòè íàñòóïíèì ÷èíîì: 1) äèñá³îç êèøê³âíèêà ñïðèÿº ïðîäóêö³¿ ë³ïîïîë³ñàõàðèä³â òà ïðîçàïàëüíèõ öèòîê³í³â ³ õåìîê³í³â, ÿê³, âñìîêòóþ÷èñü ñëèçîâîþ îáîëîíêîþ êèøê³âíèêà, ë³ìôîâåíîçíèì øëÿõîì äîñÿãàþòü ïå÷³íêè é ³íäóêóþòü/ï³äòðèìóþòü çàïàëåííÿ ÿê ïàðåíõ³ìè, òàê ³ æîâ÷íîâèâ³äíèõ øëÿõ³â [1-5], 2) çì³íà ÿê³ñíîãî ³ ê³ëüê³ñíîãî ñêëàäó æîâ÷³ ïðè ð³çíèõ õðîí³÷íèõ çàõâîðþâàííÿõ ïå÷³íêè íåãàòèâíî âïëèâຠíà òðàâëåííÿ òà ôóíêö³îíàëüíèé/ ÿê³ñíèé ñêëàä ÌÊ. Îñòàííº âàæêî äîâåñòè ÿê ³çîëüîâàíó ã³ïîòåçó, òîìó ùî õàð÷îâî-òîêñè÷í³ àáî ìåäèêàìåíòîçí³ âïëèâè íà ñêëàä æîâ÷³ îäíî÷àñíî áåçïîñåðåäíüî âïëèâàþòü íà ñòàí ÌÊ, íàïðèêëàä, êîëè ÌÊ çì³íþºòüñÿ ï³ñëÿ êóðñîâîãî ïðèçíà÷åííÿ óðñîäåçîêñèõîëåâî¿ êèñëîòè (ÓÄÕÊ) [6] ÷è õîëåñòèðàì³íó [7].
Ïåðåõîäÿ÷è äî õðîí³÷íèõ àóòî³ìóííèõ õîëåñòàòè÷íèõ çàõâîðþâàíü, à ñàìå, ïåðâèííîãî ñêëåðîçóþ÷îãî õîëàíã³òó (ÏÑÕ) òà ïåðâèííîãî á³ë³àðíîãî õîëàíã³òó (ÏÁÕ, ðàí³øå âèêîðèñòîâóâàâñÿ òåðì³í ïåðâèííèé á³ë³àðíèé öèðîç), âàðòî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî âñ³ àâòîðè àêöåíòóþòü óâàãó íà çìåíøåííÿ àëüôà- ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ ó ïàö³ºíò³â ç ÏÁÕ ç³ çá³ëüøåííÿì ðîä³â Weisella [8] ÷è Veillonella, Haemophilus, Streptococcus [9]. Ó ïàö³ºíò³â ç ÏÑÕ ñèòóàö³ÿ àíàëîã³÷íà – çìåíøåííÿ àëüôà-ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ ç³ çá³ëüøåííÿì àáî ñàïðîô³òíèõ, àáî óìîâíî-ïàòîãåííèõ ðîä³â, â çàëåæíîñò³ â³ä ãåîãðàô³¿ ïîïóëÿö³¿, ÿêà äîñë³äæóâàëàñü [10-12]. Êð³ì òîãî, äàâíî â³äîì³ àñîö³àö³¿ ÏÑÕ/ÏÂÕ ç çàïàëüíèì çàõâîðþâàííÿì êèøê³âíèêà ó êîíêðåòíîãî ïàö³ºíòà çíàõîäÿòü ï³äòâåðäæåííÿ íà ð³âí³ çì³íåíèõ ðåàêö³é ÌÊ íà ð³çí³ åíäî- òà åêçîãåíí³ ÷èííèêè [13].
Ïîçèòèâíèé âïëèâ ÓÄÕÊ íà ïåðåá³ã ÏÑÕ – çîëîòèé ñòàíäàðò. ßêùî ðîçãëÿíóòè ö³ ñàíîãåíí³ çì³íè ÓÄÕÊ ç áîêó ÌÊ, òî âèÿâëÿºòüñÿ, ùî çàô³êñîâàíà ÷àñòêîâà êîðåêö³ÿ ïàòîãåííîãî ÌÊ ó öèõ ïàö³ºíò³â [6,14]. Ùîäî àíòèá³îòèê³â: êèøêîâî-íåðîç÷èííèé ðèôàêñèì³í [15], íà â³äì³íí³ñòü â³ä ì³íîöèêë³íó [16], íå ïðîäåìîíñòðóâàâ ïîçèòèâíîãî âïëèâó íà á³îõ³ì³÷í³ ïîêàçíèêè ïîçèòèâ³çàö³¿ ïåðåá³ãó ÏÑÕ.
Êë³í³÷í³ äîñë³äæåííÿ, âèêîíàí³ á³ëüøå 10 ðîê³â òîìó, ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì âàíêîì³öèíó ó ïîºäíàíí³ ç ìåòðîí³äàçîëîì [17] ÷è ìåòðîí³äàçîëó ç ÓÄÕÊ [18] ó ïàö³ºíò³â íà ÏÁÕ ïðîäåìîíñòðóâàëè ïîçèòèâíó ëàáîðàòîðíó äèíàì³êó õîëåñòàçó, ùî, íåïðÿìî, ìîæå ñâ³ä÷èòè ïðî ïîçèòèâíèé âïëèâ ìîäèô³êàö³¿ ÌÊ íà ïåðåá³ã ÏÁÕ. Àíàëîã³÷í³ ïîçèòèâí³ çì³íè ó ö³º¿ æ êàòåãî𳿠ïàö³ºíò³â ïðîäåìîíñòðîâàí³ ï³ñëÿ òðàíñïëàíòàö³¿ ôåêàëüíî¿ ì³êðîá³îòè [19].
Ó ñòàòò³ áóäü-ÿêîãî îáñÿãó íåìîæëèâî ïðîàíàë³çóâàòè íàâ³òü 1% äàíèõ ùîäî îñîáëèâîñòåé ÌÊ ó ð³çíèõ ïîïóëÿö³ÿõ, ó ïàö³ºíò³â ç ð³çíîþ êèøêîâîþ òà ïîçàêèøêîâîþ ïàòîëî㳺þ. Ìîæó ñòâåðäæóâàòè, ùî ³ íà ñüîãîäí³øí³é äåíü ïðîäîâæóºòüñÿ ïåðâèííå íàêîïè÷åííÿ äàíèõ áåç äîâåäåíèõ çàãàëüíîâèçíàíèõ ìåõàí³çì³â âçàºìî䳿 ÌÊ ç ëþäèíîþ-ãîñïîäàðåì, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ ³ ïðè ÏÑÕ/ÏÁÕ. Äëÿ êë³í³öèñò³â º ãàðíà çâ³ñòêà – ê³ëüê³ñòü îáíàä³éëèâèõ ñïðîá êîðåêö³¿ ÌÊ ç ïðèö³ëîì íà ïîêðàùåííÿ ïåðåá³ãó ÏÑÕ/ÏÁÕ çðîñòຠ³, ìîæëèâî, â íàéáëèæ÷îìó ìàéáóòíüîìó ïðîòîêîëè áåí³ô³êàö³¿ ÌÊ áóäóòü ñêëàäîâîþ íàñòàíîâ ç êóðàö³¿ ïàö³ºíò³â ç àóòî³ìóííèìè õîëåñòàòè÷íèìè çàõâîðþâàííÿìè ïå÷³íêè.
Êë³í³÷íèé ïðèêëàä
Ïàö³ºíò Í.Ð.²., 1972 ð.í., çíàõîäèòüñÿ ï³ä ìî¿ì ë³êàðñüêèì íàãëÿäîì íà ïîñò³éíîìó àìáóëàòîðíîìó ë³êóâàíí³ ç ïðèâîäó: ÏÁÕ, ìåäèêàìåíòîçíî-êîìïåíñîâàíèé, ó ïîºäíàíí³ ç õâîðîáîþ Êðîíà ç ì³í³ìàëüíîþ àêòèâí³ñòþ.
Ïî÷àòîê õâîðîáè – ó 2017 ð., âåðèô³êàö³ÿ – ä³àãíîñòè÷íèé òèòð ÀÌÀ. Òîä³ æ ïî÷àòà òåðàï³ÿ ìåòèëïðåäí³çîëîíîì (ìåäðîë), ä³àïàçîí äîç - 6-12 ìã/äîáà, â çàëåæíîñò³ â³ä êë³í³÷íî¿ êàðòèíè, ð³âíÿ òðàíñàì³íàç, ãàììà-ãëóòàì³ëòðàíñôåðàçè òà ëóæíî¿ ôîñôàòàçè) + ÓÄÕÊ, ä³àïàçîí äîç – 500-1000 ìã/äîáà.
Ïåð³îäè÷íî, çà ïîêàçàìè ç áîêó ñóïóòí³õ çàõâîðþâàíü ÷è ñòàí³â (äèñê³íåç³ÿ æîâ÷íî-âèâ³äíèõ øëÿõ³â, ìàëüä³ãåñò³ÿ, ïðîô³ëàêòèêà ñòåðî¿ä-³íäóêîâàíî¿ ãàñòðîïàò³¿) ïàö³ºíò îòðèìóâàâ ïàíòîïðàçîë, êðåîí, ì³íåðàëüíó âîäó «Ïîëÿíà Êâàñîâà».
Ó ãðóäí³ 2020 ðîêó, ó çâ'ÿçêó ç ïîÿâîþ ïðîíîñ³â, âèêîíàíå äîñë³äæåííÿ ÌÊ ç íàñòóïíîþ êîðåêö³ºþ (ëåâîôëîêñàöèí 0,5 ïî 1 òàá â îá³ä, 10 äí³â + ìåòðîí³äàçîë 0,5 ïî 1 òàá 3 ðàçè íà äîáó, 10 äí³â).
Ó âåðåñí³ 2021 ðîêó, âèõîäÿ÷è ç òîãî, ùî ñõèëüí³ñòü äî ïðîíîñ³â çáåð³ãàëàñü, íå äèâëÿ÷èñü íà çàñòîñóâàííÿ ôåðìåíò³â (êðåîí) òà ïðîá³îòèê³â, çàï³äîçðåíà íàÿâí³ñòü ñóïóòíüî¿ õâîðîáè Êðîíà, ÿêà ï³äòâåðäæåíà âèñîêèì ð³âíåì êàëüïðîòåêòèíà â êàë³. ³ä ô³áðîêîëîíîñêîﳿ ïàö³ºíò â³äìîâèâñÿ, âðàõîâóþ÷è íà â³äñóòí³ñòü êðîâ³ â êàë³ – ÿ ³ íå íàïîëÿãàâ. Ïðèçíà÷åíèé ìåñàëàç³í (ïåíòàñà), äîáîâà äîçà ÿêîãî ïîñòóïîâî äîâåäåíà äî 3000 ìã/äîáà.
Ïðèçíà÷åííÿ ïåíòàñè íå äîçâîëèëî äîñÿãòè êîíòðîëþ çà ïðîíîñàìè (ïðîíîñè áóëè ïðèñóòí³ ùîäíÿ, 2-3 ðàçè íà äîáó), õî÷à ð³âåíü êàëüïðîòåêòèíó çìåíøèâñÿ äî âåðõíüî¿ ìåæ³ ðåôåðåíòíîãî çíà÷åííÿ.
Áåç ïîâòîðíîãî òèïóâàííÿ ì³êðîá³îìó êèøê³âíèêà áóâ ïðèçíà÷åíèé êóðñ ðèôàêñèì³íó (àëüôà-íîðì³êñ) ó äîç³ 0,8 ã/äîáà íà ïðîòÿç³ 12 ä³á ç íàñòóïíèì ïðîëîíãîâàíèì çàñòîñóâàííÿì ïðîá³îòèê³â ç ñàõàðîì³öåòàìè (ñïî÷àòêó îïåôåðà, à ïîò³ì ìåãàëàêò; ñóìàðíî - 3 ì³ñÿö³). Öå äîçâîëèëî äîñÿãòè êîíòðîëþ çà ïîºäíàíèì çàõâîðþâàííÿì ÏÁÕ + õâîðîáà Êðîíà ³, íàâ³òü, ïîâí³ñòþ â³äìîâèòèñü â³ä ìåäðîëó. Ïðè öüîìó, ð³âåíü òðàíñàì³íàç êðîâ³ òà êàëüïðîòåêòèíó â êàë³ íå âèõîäèâ çà ìåæ³ ðåôåðåíòíèõ çíà÷åíü íà ïðîòÿç³ òðüîõ ì³ñÿö³â ï³ñëÿ â³äì³íè ìåäðîëó. Íà ñüîãîäí³øí³é äåíü ó ïàö³ºíòà êîíòðîëüîâàíèé ïåðåá³ã ÏÁÕ ó ïîºäíàíí³ ç õâîðîáîþ Êðîíà äîñÿãàºòüñÿ ïðèéîìîì ÓÄÕÊ 500 ìã óâå÷åð³ òà ìåñàëàç³íó 1000 ìã 3 ðàçè íà äîáó, ùîäíÿ.
Ñïèñîê ë³òåðàòóðè
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