Economic growth is a central economic challenge facing all countries. Its dynamics are used to judge the development of national economies, the standard of living of the population. This is the main indicator of the development and well-being of any country, one of the main macroeconomic goals. The key economic indicator of the country's development is the level of GDP per capita. Currently, countries in the world differ significantly in terms of the level of this indicator, which requires finding the reasons for such a difference.
Among the obvious factors, scientists single out the availability of appropriate resources, a good geographical location, the economic condition of neighboring countries, etc. However, this list does not explain why the rich countries are not concentrated in exactly one region, and why the relatively wealthy countries are geographically located among the poor countries. It should be noted that the analysis omits a fairly important social component of society's development it is gender equality. It is citizens who are the source of innovative ideas and creativity, on which the multifaceted progress of mankind and the evolutionary growth of civilization are based.
At the current stage of economic development, women and men have formally received equal rights, which society seeks to consolidate and develop, but the quality of employment of men and women in the labor market is different. Thus, gender inequality in the labor market is, on the one hand, one of the results of the development of society, and on the other hand, it is a source of many problems affecting the functioning of the labor market.
Global economic development and gender inequality have a close interconnection, because countries with high economic development have significantly lower indicators of gender inequality problems.
An invisible barrier that limits the career advancement of women to higher and better-paid positions. called "glass ceiling". An illustration of this phenomenon is that less than 10% of leading companies in the world have female CEOs. In the EU, the biggest gender gap in hourly wages is observed among managers: women earn 23% less than men. 15 In 2009, three economists decided to investigate the gender gap in the business sector. They analyzed data on a quarter of MBA graduates who attended the University of Chicago's business school between 1990 and 2006. "We decided to focus specifically on MBAs, because it is in the corporate sector that it is difficult for women to get into top management," explains economist Marian Bertnard, who led the study [1].
They asked the graduates a number of questions: about the job they went to after graduation, how many hours they worked and where, how much they earned in that position in a year. So they found that immediately after graduation, men and women had a wage gap, but a small one: the average salary for women at this stage was $115,000 a year, while men earned an average of $130,000. And after 9 years, men earned 60% more than women. While the average salary for women was $250,000, it was $400,000 for men. That is, with career growth, the gender gap in women's wages only increases. Also, women advance more slowly on the career ladder - this is called the "opportunity gap". For example, approximately the same number of men and women under the age of 30 start in positions that do not involve team management (about 75%). However, already at the age of 30-44, 36% of men become managers, compared to only 30% of women. And after all, one and a half times more men than women reach top management at the age of 45 and older. 60% of women at this age continue to be in non-management roles, compared to 45% of men at the same level.
When we compare men and women with the same level of education in the same field and in similar positions at the start of their careers, the gap will be small, but will widen over the next 5-10 years, especially if the woman has children. This phenomenon is called the "motherhood penalty" and it can manifest itself in a 7% salary reduction for each child. At the same time, the completely opposite situation is observed in men - "bonus for fatherhood". That is, the salary of men with children, on the contrary, is likely to be higher [2].
Due to the influence of gender stereotypes, which determine the traditional "roles" of women and men, it is women who are forced to choose between two priorities - to choose career development or to devote themselves to the family. The disproportionate distribution of household responsibilities, including taking care of young children, limits the opportunities for professional realization of women.
To conclude our work, we need to say that gender equality is an important component of the socio-economic development of the country. Numerous studies prove that the gender factor significantly affects the economic growth of the country. Modern international policy is aimed at achieving the equality of women and men in society, overcoming all forms of discrimination, in particular on the basis of gender, creating the necessary social and political prerequisites for realizing the rights and opportunities of women and men in all spheres of work, social and personal life. An important role in the formation and implementation of gender policy is played by the state, which creates mechanisms to achieve gender equality.
References
1. Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017/ / World Economic Forum [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://reports.weforum.org/globalcompetitiveness-report-2016-2017/
2. Buts Yu.V., Shenogolets A., Murad Ya. Problems of gender equality in the system of social and labor relations in Ukraine. Abstracts of the 5th International scientific and practical conference "The world of science and innovation". Cognum Publishing House. London, United Kingdom. 2020. pp. 39-44.
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Supervisor: Khmil Oxana Oleksandrivna, teacher of the department of foreign philology and translation, State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
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