Scientists around the world are already sounding the alarm about climate change. The Interstate Agreement on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014), which will continue in the coming years and affect all sectors of the economy, as well as social life, [1] was explained in detail in an extensive report prepared in 2014 by the Intergovernmental Climate Agreement. Change [2]. Even before this paper, Stern's study [3] emphasized that the single most important outcome could be a collective effort to address the world's major climate change challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has swept the world since the beginning of 2020 and claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people, also indicates that the negative effects of climate change may intensify. The fact that the rate of use of alternative energy sources in recent decades has lagged behind the rate of global population growth and quality of life suggests that carbon emissions into the environment will not decrease anytime soon. This indicates that climate change and global temperatures will continue to rise.
The main distinguishing feature of almost all aspects of the concept of "green economy" is that environmental protection, economic development and social inclusion in this concept are not achieved by limiting the quality of life. This concept can be used as a strategic approach to achieving sustainable development goals at both the national, regional and global levels.
• Approaches to the concept of "green economy" in the economic literature
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in 2012 played an important role in developing the concept of a green economy. Emphasizing that the economy is environmentally friendly and inclusive, the conference gave impetus to political and financial support from countries to develop the idea of a green economy. The eradication of poverty in such an economy is a key task of global cooperation and each country [4].
From a classical economic point of view, the green economy is a new system of scientific knowledge that systematically includes several areas of science. This system, as an element of the system of social, environmental and economic knowledge, forms a new scientific theory of economic sustainability. This theory is a scientific model of a real green economy. According to the definition given by Carl Burkart [5], the green economy mainly includes 6 sectors. These are 1) renewable energy; 2) green buildings; 3) sustainable transport; 4) water management; 5) waste management; 6) related to land management. Of course, each of these sectors has developed at one time or another.
The concept of "green economic growth" is similar to the concept of "green economy", but differs from it. During the economic crisis of 2008-2009, as well as the weakening of economic activity as a result of COVID-19, some damage to the environment was reduced. When any fluctuations accompanied by a decrease in economic activity, both globally and nationally, are eliminated, and activity increases, the likelihood of environmental damage increases. Therefore, strategically, the economic growth model should be chosen in such a way as to protect the environment. According to the definition given by the Organization for Cooperation and Development in Europe (OECD) [6], “green growth” is a model of economic development in which natural resources and the environment serve the well-being of the country. Green growth forms the basis for sustainable development and creates new economic opportunities through increased innovation and investment. The basis of green economic growth is the reduction of environmental damage, the creation of new jobs, the use of new technological models and consumer models that create conditions for economic growth [7].
There are almost no significant differences in the nature of the participants in the concept of "green growth" given by the OECD [6], the World Bank [8], UNESCAP [9], the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) [10]. Although there is a difference in expression in these definitions, in essence they contain a few basic facts. First, green growth is essential for sustainable economic growth and development. Second, such growth must be inclusive and ensure the participation of all members of society. Third, green growth should be environmentally friendly and based on technological innovation that reduces carbon emissions. Fourth, green growth must include the efficient use of natural resources. Fifth, green growth should stimulate the creation of new jobs. Sixth, green growth should expand the use of green technologies and green energy.
According to the concept of sustainable development, economic growth and environmental protection often contradict each other. Ensuring economic growth continues to have a negative impact on the environment. However, according to the concept of "green growth", environmental protection can occur not only with economic growth, but also stimulate it. The concept of sustainable development is broader than the concept of "green growth". That is why in most cases there are different, and in some cases contradictory approaches to its essence. Zervas [11], E. explains the differences between these two concepts as follows: firstly, the concept of "green growth", unlike the concept of sustainable development, has no social component and focuses mainly on economic and environmental issues. Secondly, in the concept of green growth, "growth" refers to economic growth, and in some cases this "growth" may be contrary to environmental protection.
REFERENCE
1. IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part A and B. Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2014
2. Global Asthma Report. Auckland, Global Asthma Network, 2014. Available from: http://www. globalasthmareport.org/resources/Global_Asthma_Report_2014.pdf
3. Stern, 2006. STERN REVIEW: The Economics of Climate Change.
4. Clark H 2013 What does Rio+20 mean for sustainable development? Development 56 16–23
5. Burkart, K. How do You Define the ‘Green’ Economy. MNN—Mother Nature Network. 2009. Available online: https://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/blogs/how-do-you-define-thegreen- economy (accessed on 18 April 2019).
6. OECD (2011). Green Growth Strategy, Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
7. Reilly, J. M. (2012). Green Growth and the Efficient Use of Natural Resources. Energy Economics, 34, 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.033.
8. World Bank (2012). Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. [Retrieved 2015-11-03] Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSDNET/Resources/Inclusive_Green_Growth_May_2012.pdf
9. UNESCAP (2012). Green Growth, Resources and Resilience. Environmental Sustainability in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok. ISBN 978-92-1-120635-7
10. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) (2012). Green Growth Planning GGGI Country Programs. [Retrieved 2015-10-05] Available at: http://www.gggi.org/project/main
11. Zervas, E. (2012). Green Growth versus Sustainable Development. Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Economic Development, ed. Eslamian S., Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Development, Energy, Environment, Economics (DEEE ‘12), Paris, France, December 2–4, 2012, 399–404.
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